The SHiSH

ABSTRACT

The SHiSH is the “Snow or Sand Hill in Screwing Habitat or Store” The SHiSH and all of its derivations were invented to be able to survive and perform useful work in areas of extreme temperature, either heat or cold, and in many cases to take advantage of the lower temperature in the depths of the substrate on the desert. The inventor of this and other related patents in process is also the author of an article focused on albedo (Ref 1) in describing ways to reduce the heat globally while we learn how to better reduce emissions and continue to invest in doing so. These inventions will enable us to better deal with global warming.

Albedo is a measure of the amount of sunlight reflected back (preferablyall the way to space) and the measure is from 0.0 to 1.0. The ocean isabout 0.06 so absorbs most of the energy striking it, fresh snow is 0.6to 0.8 so reflects most of the energy back.

One way to decrease the heat is to enhance or boost the albedo ofvarious surfaces on land, sea or air i.e. Albedo Enhancement (AE). Thearticle (Ref 1) was published in the MDPI Climate Journal of Mar. 7,2023 and as of September 12^(th) has been viewed by over 2600 people.

In researching and exploring Albedo Enhancement possibilities the authorhas invented a number of items and the ones contained here are relatedto a habitat or store to enable tolerance underground, or above, oftemperature and comfort extremes, in a SHiSH. Other inventionspertaining to Albedo Enhancement (AE) have been initiated as provisionalpatents separately. It is hoped that income from licensing of these manyinventions will sustain the Foundation long after I have retired so itcan continue to Help Offset Global Warming.

There is a significant problem in collecting scientific climatepertinent data in the desert due to the extreme heat and unpleasantconditions. This reduces the number of scientists visiting such sites,especially in the warmer months in the daytime and restricts the abilityto set up and service weather data collection stations. A major part insolving the removal of excess heat causing global warming may occur inthe deserts with Albedo Enhancement (AE) (Ref 1). AE increases thereflection of short-wave radiation back into space, and scientists andworkers need protection where exposed to excess heat or cold. Theirequipment and supplies also do far better with protection. The genesisof this concept was to find a way to use the naturally coolertemperatures deeper in the sand (Ref 3), to make this possible. A widerpossible range of uses of the SHiSH is possible and is reflected in thespecification and claims and in particular could be valuable incountries with deserts in providing refuge from the heat or in snowfields in providing refuge from the cold and wet.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTIONS

Many business opportunities would be opened up by the availability ofcooler surroundings in the desert and these include tourism, mining,taking advantage of Albedo Enhancement (AE) possibilities in the desertto earn carbon credits with the farming of carbon credits and also forhumanitarian applications such as for refugees where the heat isoverwhelming. Deserts provide a unique low cost opportunity to use AE tohelp cool the world with projects such as reactivated salt flats soactivities there can be aided by SHiSH and indeed SHiSH or itsfunctional equivalent may be essential to carry out these projects. Thesame applies in snow country as generation of snow cover has similar AEbenefits and snow generation devices or glacier observations in remotelocations require habitat and storage space for the operators.

One of the designs was initially inspired by nature's design of aseashell with a helical thread on its tapered body with bumps orirregularities on the surface which grip the sand once it haspenetrated. Decades ago, the inventor saw a video of a shellfish in afish tank with a sandy bottom. It partially righted itself underwater tothus present its point into the sand and then used the extended fleshfoot to push on the sand surface to rotate the shell and screw it intothe sand for security. A human use of this as a desert habitat includesone of the SHiSH described below in many forms along with variousadditional concepts and ways to provide habitat and storage out of theheat or similarly, out of the extreme cold, in snow.

Application and Evidence

Amongst other global heat offset projects the inventor is exploring theAlbedo Enhancement (AE) of salt flats and desert areas with the purposeof boosting their reflection of shortwave radiation back into space andso reduce the excess solar radiation striking the earth. This and othervaluable projects require scientific research in the desert and extremecold with worker habitat and storage during implementation.

Not far under the surface, temperatures are bearable and habitable. Theinitial objective of this is document is to define this habitat orstorage device, the SHiSH, which would better enable research to becarried out in the heat of the desert by having a cool space to retreatinto intermittently, or for much of the day, when necessary. Desertsurface temperatures at night can be as low as freezing.

The heat in the desert sand varies diurnally and at some desertlocations the huge disparities, which are herein be used to advantage,were indicated as follows: “Subsurface temperatures (Section 3.3.3.3from J Laity (2008) Deserts and Desert Environments)(Ref 3):

Temperatures decline very rapidly from the soil surface to depth Ref 4(Wang and Mitsuta 1992). One researcher placed soil thermistors atdepths of 2, 20 and 35 cm below the surface during the month of June atSharouwrah, Saudi Arabia. The phase-shifted amplitude decrease withdepth. At 2 cm depth, daily temperatures fluctuate by as much as 47° C.;for example, on 31 May 1981, the daytime maximum was about 68° C. andthe nighttime minimum about 22° C. (a range of 46° C.). For the sameperiod the corresponding air temperature maximum was about 40° C. andminimum was 20° C. (range 20° C.). At 20 cm depth, soil temperaturesaveraged about 41° C., with a diurnal range of about 4° C. and at 35 cmdepth there is essentially no difference in day/night temperatures, withthe soil maintaining an essentially constant temperature of 38° C. Thus,at night the surface soil temperatures are considerably cooler thanthose at depth.

At night the surface is cooling but the sand at a depth of 10-20 cm isstill warm and transferring heat to layers above and below it. Deeperlayers continue to gain heat, so that the maximum temperatures at 30-50cm occur when the surface is at its coolest and minimum temperatures arereached when the surface is at its hottest. Measurements have been takenin animal burrows at depths of 70-100 cm and records for the middayperiod indicate temperatures ranging from 25° C. to 31° C.Inter-particle humidity increases with depth in sandy conditions (Ref 4)and humidity in burrows is higher than at the surface. Also, recordingswere made in the Kuwaiti desert of a relative humidity of 72% in jerboaburrows during a period when the air above the ground was at 12%. Thus,animals retreating into burrows enjoy a higher relative humidity and atemperature at depth that is out of phase with that at the surface andis normally near a minimum at the time when temperatures at the surfaceare highest.”

DESCRIPTION Underground Habitats

Designs herein include suitable devices for human “burrows” or spaces toenable escape from excessive heat or cold where suitable substratesexist. As Global Warming increases and heat waves become more prevalent,such SHiSH devices will become more valuable as temporary or morepermanent shelters.

One configuration of the SHiSH is a tapered shell, with a thread on theexterior to assist in the penetration of the sand when the shell isrotated. This will take portions of the shell to cooler areas in thedeeper substrate if it be sand or other substrate. The upper diameterand length of the SHiSH will depend on the purpose of the SHiSH.

It can be seen to possibly have application for tourism (many well-offMiddle Eastern people leave the cities and go into the desert forparties and relaxation in the winter and at night) and for refugee campsand Nomads or voluntary or involuntary desert populations. Coolerresidences could be constructed near oases and water from the oases usedto dampen the sand in the right places and or levels to reinforce thecooling action.

It also has application in deep snow. One function for personnel in thesnow would be to provide a dry space in a base for storage or personnel,as sleeping on the snow melts the snow in immediate contact and couldinduce hyperthermia. As such it could be used in areas where snow coveris being created to boost albedo. It could be used at any angle fromupwards into a sand or snow hill or horizontal and down to vertical(Diagram G).

As Global warming progresses it will have rapidly expanding applicationby more and more people out of necessity. Any substrate of sufficientlylow shear and low displacement resistance such as mud or salt flats withsoft under-soils, may also provide suitable locations. In SouthAustralia, at Coober Pedy, the opal miners live underground in desertcountry, utilizing the cooling there, but the opal rich soil is hard andcompact, and holes are dug with excavators and shovels and picks.

Average wind velocities have increased with global warming and desertdust storms have become more prevalent. The SHiSH will provide betterprotection from dust storms than tents.

The SHiSH shape is designed to allow easy penetration and setting up inthe substrate and various accessories devices can assist and add to itseffectiveness. Some of the potential shapes and functional differencesare shown in Diagrams A, B, C, D, E and F. They typically include athread on the outside to assist in gripping the substrate and assistingpenetration by rotation. Another variation uses Air injection into thesand ahead of the penetrating surface and would be possible without thethread to great ease motion into the substrate. Multiple panels unitsusing this would be possible as in Diagrams J, K1, K2 and N. Anothervariation would have an open nose and the substrate would be removedfrom its center after it had penetrated the substrate. Less portablethan a shovel for this removal but better device would be an Archimedesscrew suitable for lifting the sand up and out of the top of the SHiSH.It could be small, and hand powered, or large and machine powered. Itmight be air driven or air assisted in such a way as to move the sand upthe curves of the Screw.

In the sand dunes or suitable substrate, the SHISH, in one version, is atapered screw of useful diameter (for habitat or storage) in the upperportion with a pointed front and a threaded surface to initiatepenetration and it could be all tapered (Diagram A) or have acylindrical shape above the ‘screw-in” portion (Diagram B).

Another version would be shaped with an open nose, including a cylinder(Diagram F), with interior excavation as the SHiSH was moved into thesand. Such interior excavation could be carried out by a manuallyoperated or machine operated Archimedes screw to lift the sand and dropit outside the SHISH.

Driving Devices: A driving device to supplement manpower is desirableand in some substrates necessary, to screw in the SHiSH or otherwiseassist. Such a driving device to rotate the screw and cause it to screwinto the sand might be driven off the wheels of a four-wheel-drivevehicle or by a winch. Alternatively, the driving device could be manualif a lever were inserted into slots or holes in the top at right anglesto the direction of the screw or cylinder axis. Alternatively, a strapor rope wrapped around the body could provide a force at right angles tothe circumference on the side or top of the body. Around the SHiSH iswrapped the driving strap designed such that, as it is unwrapped witheither manpower or a winch or a vehicle to pull the strap to turn theScrew habitat, the SHiSH screws into the sand or soil. An identicalstrap or additional strap may have to be deployed on the other side ofthe SHISH while it is being inserted. Two straps or ropes could thus beused to enable them to be pulled in opposite directions both applyingtorque in the same direction and thus enabling the SHISH to remain atright angles to the surface being penetrated.

In its simplest form, without a top cylinder or without appendages toperform additional functions, this device will nest, i.e. pack insideanother one so that several can be carried on a vehicle. This would beeasier if the thread did not protrude significantly, and this will bethe tradeoff. A two or more-piece split shape on panels which are joinedlater would allow easier transport and manhandling (Diagrams K1, K2 andN) If made of plastic, it would not be detected by metal detectors andtherefore easier to conceal by say mining operators. For scientificexpeditions, or refugee camps or tourist applications the accessoriesused would not be limited by the need to avoid detection and couldinclude all of those below to lower temperatures further.

Accessories These various accessories have been designed to boost theavailability of cool air in the ShiSH in the desert, and include:Surface Reflectors: To keep the sand around the SHISH or Chill Coilcool, a light colored, preferably white or highly reflective covermaterial placed over the area surrounding that which the SHISH occupies,would reflect the short-wave sunrays, thus, stop the sand whichsurrounds the SHISH from heating as much during the day.

At night the top portion of a Chill Coil as set out below (Diagram M) orin a functionally similar way could be deployed on top of the covermaterial and perhaps under the cover during the day or furtherunderground.

The StillMOF: New water collection devices are being developed at arapid-rate, and they capture a large amount of water for a small amountof MOF (Metal-Organic Frameworks) (Ref 6). This can assist in cooling asa dehumidifier by allowing greater levels of perspiration of theoccupant of the SHISH and can provide a source of water greater thanthat perspired if sufficient moisture is being introduced with the coolair introduction to the SHiSH. These MOF give up their water at highertemperatures and collect at lower temperatures. A device using the MOFto suit the desert environment and the SHiSH designed to release thewater collected by exposure to the higher daytime temperatures toprovide water for sustenance of the occupant. It may need a drop ofbleach to improve the taste. The Still-suits imagined by Frank Herbertin the wonderful stories of Dune would have been actual thermodynamicsuicide, as by depriving the body of the evaporative cooling effect theywould cause overheating and heat stroke in a matter of minutes. Byseparating the moisture collection so that evaporative cooling canoccur, then capturing the moisture nearby, the persons' skin will be ina low humidity area and feel even cooler. We suggest calling it a“StillMOF” to help explain its function to the users. The word Stillsuggests distilling moisture from the air as well as appealing to fansof Dune. Use of this device may be needed to stop the SHiSH becoming asweat box due to humidity and would be particularly valuable in highhumidity areas, in any confined spaces.

As a Storage and Extra adjusted-temperature air supply. In all threesubstrates, sand, snow or pliable soil, the SHiSH would serve as astorage volume to keep supplies such a food or water or fuel out of theheat or sand or snow. For storage, units with porosity may not bedesirable as it would require sealed containers inside of it for fluids.The lack of human bodies sharing the space will enable it, if partiallyfilled, to remain cool in the desert and thus be a source of cool airfor the personnel occupied SHiSH. In the desert water is the scarcestcommodity and the SHISH provides a possible cooler storage place soevaporation is minimized, and the water temperature remains drinkable.Interconnection of SHiSH under the substrate sand can allow the amountof ventilation to be increased with cool air moving through the empty orstorage SHISH and into the personnel SHISH.

Chill Coil (Diagram M)

This device is intended to chill its contents in the desert night as theearth radiates infrared radiation from the coil and the nearby surfacesubstrate into space and cools the coil and its contents. This providesan opportunity to radiate heat from a device on or near the surface sucha length of tubing or coil or even a bag and to further cool the fluidthen passing through the deeper sand or soil to provide a heat sink forthe daytime in cooling the SHiSH. It consists of two functionallyseparate sections. The first is the surface section or coil forradiation of heat at night and the second is the heat transfer coil inthe lower portion of the SHiSH or in the substrate near it. Freezingsurface temperatures can occur in the desert at night. In Reference 3below the nighttime temperatures on the surface can be as low as 22° C.or less even though at midday it may be 68° C. A very deep SHiSH mightbe used for more permanent installations and could build a “Chill Bank”of very chilled sand at a depth so that warming of that Bank Space wasvery slow as it absorbed heat from the occupied space.

The surface section must be handled or sometimes isolated so that thewater in it does not heat during the day or at night when the soil isstill hot. One option would be to pull in the surface coil and relocateit to the bottom of the SHiSH. Another possibility is to remove thewater from the upper section by diverting it into an additional sectionbelow ground during the day. If this concept were applied to livingspaces in or out of the desert then cities would be better able to movetowards net zero carbon as it can save a great deal of fossil fuel byusing the cooling effects of night time radiation combined with a heatsink which we refer to as a Chill Bank.

Mega Chill Coil

A Natural extension of the Chill Coil for use with a single SHiSH wouldbe to use the concept for a range up to and including vast volumes inthe Chill Banks, even measured in many thousands of cubic kilometers ofsand, under the desert surface or even above it, to provide vast ChillBanks to use as heat sinks to cool large buildings in the desert forpeople or goods. These could be made adequate for air conditioning themillion possible occupants of the 700 km long mirror construct envisagedfor Saudi Arabia (Ref. 9) As the land warms with global warming thisapplication would expand in application to other substrates and moretemperate climates so as to deal with high temperatures on a carbon freebasis as no fossil fuel is burned to produce this air conditioning andeven wind power and solar power units have not necessarily been usedalthough they could boost the Chill Bank capacity. Even use of wind andsolar energy to further boost the capacity of the Chill Bank would bebeneficial in comparison to fossil fuel energy driven air conditioners.They would be more than carbon neutral as they would substitute forcarbon production.

Broad Application of SHISH

This has a market with miners working in the high temperature areas,with farmers of carbon credits on salt flats or arid or desert areas orfor scientists setting up measuring devices in the desert or carryingout research there. This last need will grow as climate change expandsthe deserts and wildfires burn off the arid lands.

It also has possible use in refugee camps for storm shelters or heatshelters. This has huge application as a substitute for, or supplementto tents. The ability to use the side of a sand-hill to provide shelterat a livable temperature has advantages over tents when unexpected heatwaves occur.

When adequately developed it might be used by Desert Campers or touristsor desert explorers.

Ultimately, when developed and tested its original purpose can beachieved when they are used for basic scientific research or projectwork in the desert to get out of the very high temperatures, or snowcountry out of the cold and when necessary, in carrying out projects togather basic scientific data and/or projects to offset global warming orother projects such as mining.

When the air assisted SHiSH panels are fully developed it should bepossible to insert one panel into sand, which does not have rocks mixedwith it, in less than one minute so a complete SHiSH or mega SHiSH couldbe constructed in a very short time using large volumes of pressured airor fluid and few people.

Safety Factors:

Other creatures like getting under the sand in the desert fortemperature relief and as this includes spiders, scorpions and snakesand lizards, so a good cap or door is needed to seal the entrance andperhaps some kind of electrical or non-toxic (to humans) chemicalrepellant developed for when the SHISH is left empty or used forstorage.

Advance Setup:

The SHiSH could also be used for a snow insulated space creation and insnow country. The SHiSH with or without weighted noses and perhaps a‘spear’ or threaded spear (to initiate in screwing of the body of theSHiSH by converting falling kinetic energy to rotating kinetic energy)on the front of the cone and could be dropped from aircraft or drones,into sand or deep snow or other low shear substrate to set up storage orshelter ahead of personnel arrival. A simple door or cap could be usedto seal against the elements. A cloth covered cap would allow airtransfer but would need to be braced to resist substrate blown onto thecap. Tracking devices will allow the SHISH to be located in the desertwhether covered by sand or not. A cloth cover which had the color of thesand can cover the entrance when inhabited but a stronger seal would beneeded for non-attended units to exclude substrate entry.

Mega-SHISH (Diagram J)

A large cylindrical multi-person or multipurpose Mega SHiSH wouldconsist of many panels transported separately and interlocked forinsertion or inserted individually with the following panels interlockedone at a time and compressed air used to clear out the interlockingmechanism, so that they were eventually inserted into the substrate bythe same amount. Sandbags could provide steps. Effectively theMega-SHiSH would become an underground tent with weather resistance andpotential to cool it using some or all, of the accessories. Due to theirshape the panels would be stackable to transport. With the large top orcap a reflective surface becomes valuable and a center pole with capsupport. The panels could be air assisted with a compressor orcompressed air packages.

Other Spaces

The SHiSH can be used as a cool air collection device for cool air feedto any nearby space or even a distant space whether underground orabove.

Storage

In all substrates, sand, snow or pliable soil or mud, the SHiSH wouldserve as a storage volume to keep supplies or fuel out of the heat orsand or snow or any substrate. For storage, porosity of the walls of theSHiSH may not be desirable as it would require further sealed containersinside of it for fluids. Interconnection of SHiSH under the substratesand can allow the amount of ventilation to be increased with cool airmoving through the empty or storage SHISH and into the personnel SHISH.

Problems and Solutions

Solutions to Several of the Problems that May be Faced:

Problem 1: Body heat will quickly warm the initial small amount of airin the SHiSH and with the inevitable partial exchanges with the surfaceair it may soon be as hot as the desert air. A larger cool air supply isneeded.

One solution is to tap into a larger area of cooled air in the sand. Itmust effectively become a burrow under the surface with connections toother cooled air containers or to very extensive lengths of perforatedor porous piping to draw cool air from the sand. Air could be pumped outof the Shish to pull in air from its cool surrounds through the sand andits porous walls. Porous walls on the SHiSH will allow the air to passthrough the walls more readily.

Another solution would be to use a very long SHiSH and only the topportion is inhabited above a platform. The bottom portion is foraccessing the cooler air well below the surface. Using another SHiSH forcool air collection only or perhaps cool air collection and storage ispositioned nearby, preferably at a higher elevation as then the cool aircollected there can be fed by gravity to the residential SHiSH through atube or underground pipe.

Problem 2: Sandstorms may cover over the closed entrance to the SHiSH.In this situation, the SHiSH needs to be capable of being ‘unscrewed” tobring its lip up to the same position relative to the surface asoriginally intended. This gives it an element of adaptation over otherunderground constructs.

Problem 3: Sandstorms may blow away sand from around the top of theShiSH. The solution is to be able to Screw the SHiSH further into thesand to bring the lip down to the same position relative to the surfaceas originally intended. Again, this is an element of its adaptation overother underground constructs.

Problem 4: Ideally the moisture from waste such as urine could becaptured by the StillMOF so no moisture is wasted. This problem needsfurther research as the possibility for odor creation is very high.Solid waste might pass through a one way aperture into a tube downwardfacing and of considerable length and volume. Personnel leaving theSHiSH to carry the waste material away from the SHiSH may not always bepossible. Venting to the air of the urine collection device may allowoxidation of the odor causing material if adequate bacteria was added ordeveloped naturally. A simple septic system provides guidelines.

Value to Miners and Others

One criterion for exploration of desert and arid areas is mobility andcamping while protected against temperature extremes. Furthermore, priorto and during usage, it could store food and fuel. As migrationincreases in the hotter portions of the world there will be anincreasing need for bases in high temperature regions. The SHiSH allowssafety from the heat and an opportunity to rest in the daytime and thework may best be resumed in the early hours of the day or in the dark.The advantage of this desert habitat is that it can be set up ahead ofarrival of the mining force, with SHISH perhaps dropped from drones andperhaps being self-inserting. It can be extracted or “unscrewed” fromthe sand and used again in the next step forwards. This solution appliesto any SHiSH users including Tourists, Refugees and scientists doingresearch or workers on industrial projects or global cooling projects.

Air or fluid assisted penetration of the whole SHiSH or panels: Gardenhoses can be pushed into sand and will move forward significantdistances if water is flowing through them (from childhood experiments).Being flexible, they do however take unplanned paths. The same forwardmotion will be possible for a front open or hollow tube with air flowinginto it to displace the sand out the sides of the SHiSH, or for thewhole SHiSH or Cylindrical air assisted SHiSH (Diagram K1 and K2) forpanels of a Mega-SHiSH (Diagram J). The extent of this and its possibledesign needs research. The quantity of air flowing through the tube willbe critical and related to tube inner and outer diameter and the sandtype and orifice placement and sizes.

Air Fingers (Diagram L) Air or fluid assisted penetration by the wholeSHiSH or of cool air supply tubes attached to the SHiSH. Forward motionwill be possible for a hollow perhaps porous tube with air flowing intoit as it will more easily displace the sand. The extent of this and itsdesign needs research. The quantity of air flowing through the tube willbe critical and related to tube inner and outer diameter and the sandtype and orifice placement and sizes.

One SHiSH design, an AIR-SHISH would use air or fluid penetration only,without an exterior thread and with or without a conical shape. Thiscould be a cylinder with air conveyed to the bottom edge of the cylinderDiagram E). Then the clearing away of the sand inside the SHiSH will benecessary as it will not be displaced and will remain in the centerarea. This could be done with a man operated tool shovel or Archimedesscrew or the compressed air supply might be used to blow the sand up atube or up the Archimedes screw and away from the SHiSH.

Another simple version could be a threaded SHiSH device with an openfront end and something as simple as a bar placed across slots in the‘door’ end and rotated by hand with occasional stops to scoop out orotherwise remove the sand on the inside.

Keeping the SHISH cool may be improved by the presence of moisture inthe sand around the SHISH. This could be enhanced by control of wastedisposition. Fiberglass or plastic SHISH would be best in terms ofdisguise in the desert, avoiding metal detection and more easily formingthe screw and surface secure shapes. Small SHISH cooler tubes couldconsist of tubes through the sides of the SHISH horizontally. The tip ofthe SHiSH should be made of metal or very strong plastic to avoidbreakage if it hits rock.

During the screwing into the substrate process, braces inside of thecone could be needed to provide stability to stop distortion of theSHiSH. Distortion would impede the efficiency of the screw. A firmlyconstructed and attached door or cap may be part or all of this.

Storage and “Warrens”

The unit can be used for storage of a huge variety of items. Fuel in thedesert needs to be protected from the heat to minimize evaporation sostoring it underground is an advantage. In this case the SHiSH should bescrewed into the ground vertically or at a sufficient downward angle toenable the liquid to be retained and then capped. Food is better storedunderground as would all camping and mining equipment that needed to bekept free of sand. Storage areas, if having useful cool air, could beconnected to personnel SHiSH using variations up to large sizes, on theleg space pipe in the side of the SHiSH in Diagram N. The various SHiSHcould be interconnected by use of these pipes to form a more useful coolspace or warren to and from storage or other personnel

One Man SHISH

Just as the Tuareg (originally nomadic desert people) use their whitecotton cloth known as a thawb or thobe as a cover in a desert sandstormso a similar cap material is one proposal for the SHiSH. This enablesthe passage of air through it but stops the entry of sand.

Advanced Design Considerations Air Delivery

The possibility exists for air delivery of specialized SHiSH as unitswith a weighted nose so that when dropped they stick into the substrateand a device is attached which will grip on the substrate outside andaway from the SHiSH and screw in the SHiSH such that it is ready forlater occupation and storage ahead of the troops or personnel arrival.

Sanitation: Processing urine to render it useful in some manner forcooling might be as simple as passing it through a carbon filter butsignificant technology exists. Without processing, any attachedurination devices should direct the fluid well away from the SHiSH anddistribute it near the surface if not processed as its decomposition maybe anaerobic if well under the surface and the aroma may travel backinto the SHiSH (based on the author's observation of so calledpissaphones used in camps by the Australian Army in the desert). Theyhad discharged into deep areas with no oxygen access in the sand.Perhaps if vented they would degrade to an odorless state.

Chill Coil

The nighttime temperatures on the surface can be as low as 22° C. eventhough the midday may be 68° C. By placing a water-filled coil on ornear the surface at night and passing that fluid into the depths of thesand perhaps into a coil around the SHISH then the sand at depth can bechilled. The very deep SHiSH might be used for permanent installationsand could build a “Bank” or ‘CHILL BANK” of very chilled sand at a depthso that it could be used to cool other warm spaces and have a high heatsink capacity.

This cooling effect will be retained throughout the heat of the day assand makes an excellent temperature reservoir as evidenced by the heatsand battery designed by the Finnish company Polar Night Energy (BBC2022) (Ref 2). Our difference is in the use of natural heat radiation tocool the Chill Bank at night and to use the sand as a Heat sink and nota heat reservoir. Further differences are in the specifications andapplications.

Accelerated Penetration

When air or fluid under pressure is applied to sand it tends to become‘fluid” as it is a mixture of sand and air and is therefore more easilymoved aside.

Air Assisted SHISH or Air-SHISH

Just as water coming out of the front of a garden hose makes it possibleto penetrate sand, and, in some circumstances, pulls the hose into thesand, in the same way, compressed air ejected from the front or perhapssides of the SHISH will tend to assist the SHISH to penetrate the sandand make it easier to penetrate similar substrates.

Air-SHISH Cooling Tubes and Pipes

If cooling tubes were passed out of the sides of the SHISH into thecooler volumes of the sand to provide cool air during the day, thentheir penetration could be assisted with compressed air being passed outthe front of the tube or the sides to allow penetration of the coolingtubes into extended volumes of sand. Interconnecting or space extendingpipes or shapes such as shown in Diagram N could also be inserted withair assistance.

Development

The angle of the cone side related to the depth and angle of the threadwill determine the ability to penetrate different substrate types and adesign to meet the requirements of the most substrates is one criterionto consider.

Description of Some Possibilities and Areas for Research:

Various methods needing research and optimization, have been consideredand claimed below in order to better source and increase the coolerlower air possible for the SHiSH in high temperature regions with sandor soil and these range from: (a) Porous sides (b) SHiSH ‘fingers’consisting of tubes through the sides of the SHiSH into the surroundingsubstrate (c) Reflective surfaces added at or near the surface to as todecrease the temperature of the surrounding substrate. Otherpossibilities include:

-   -   1. The angle of the cone side related to the depth and angle of        the thread will determine the ability to penetrate different        substrate types and a design to meet the requirements of the        most substrates is one criterion to consider.    -   2. SHISH driven into the sand will tap into cool sand which will        cool the air in the SHISH. Then if enough of these are        positioned to provide air for a larger space such as but not        limited to a Mega-ShiSH, Diagram J), then, multi-personnel cool        spaces can be created.    -   3. At night a Chill Coil as set out below (Diagram M) could be        deployed with the upper portion on top of the white cover        material.    -   4. Cool Sand Zone: A cover could be placed below the immediate        surface of the sand over the ‘cool sand zone’ such as to block        downward heated air flow but done so as to be invisible to air        surveillance.    -   5. A storage device: In all three substrates, sand, snow or        pliable soil, the SHiSH would serve as a storage volume to keep        supplies such a food or water or fuel out of the heat or sand or        snow. For storage, units with porosity may not be desirable. The        lack of human bodies sharing the space will enable it to remain        cooler.    -   6. Water or Fluid storage: In the desert water is the scarcest        commodity and the SHISH provides a possible cooler storage place        so evaporation is minimized, and the temperature remains        drinkable. To maintain a standard design with perhaps a        perforated ShiSH, the water storage Shish could consist of an        added bladder to hold the water in the cool of the sand.        Otherwise a SHISH without porosity or holes would hold water or        other liquids such as fuel.    -   7. It can be extracted or “unscrewed” from the sand and used        again. To free it from the sand compressed air would assist by        reducing the friction between the SHiSH and the sand. If it had        a perforated design then an air tight cap on the top with        compressed air injected into it would help free it. If not        perforated, then a tube or tubes down the side (perhaps inside        the screw threads) would reduce the friction    -   8. The rate of screwing into the substrate could be accelerated        by the injection of compressed air from the tip of the SHiSH,        and/or from perforations in the thread which carried the        compressed air and thus reduced friction there, and/or through        perforations in the side of the shell.    -   9. A Chill coil has an upper and lower portion and is a designed        to dissipate heat from lower warmer areas under the sand into        the night sky and thus build a CHILL BANK of cool sand or        substrate so that it can be used as a heat sink when necessary.        The upper portion could be temporarily deployed on the surface        when the conditions were appropriate, for example, at night when        the sand had cooled. Alternatively, it could be permanently        deployed but only activated when conditions were appropriate.        The lower portion must be located in the typically warmer areas        and if that is part of the SHiSH design, then typically in an        area near to the outside of the SHiSH but it might also be        deployed inside the Shish. The fluid inside the coil could be        water or any other that would serve the purpose. If permanently        deployed, then the upper portion could be drained during high        surface temperatures and refilled when surface temperatures were        suitable.    -   10. One configuration of the lower chill coil would be in the        body of the screw shape on the outside of the SHiSH. The purpose        would be to cool the inside of the SHiSH and to build a ‘bank”        of cooled substrate/air in the surrounding area for effect        during the heat of the day    -   11. Rapid Insertion would be achieved by using large amounts of        compressed air to minimize friction and in addition at the same        time applying adequate torque to rapidly screw the SHiSH into        the substrate. Light weight compressors with high output exist        although the noise output of some light-weight high performance        compressors is well above 100 DB and would not be suitable for        any stealth required area.    -   12. Space applications: Although moon caves or lava tubes, in        some areas, offer respite from the widely fluctuating        temperatures on the moon (Reb 5), the SHISH could provide a        device for escape from temperature fluctuations in areas that        did not offer the caves or lava tubes and yet had sufficient        moon dust or similar low shear substrate. Application might also        be found on Mars and other planets. They would have to be        manufactured (printed) on site from local materials to make them        economical but should be cheaper than boring into rock.    -   13. A means of establishing a bank of Chilled sand: The very        deep SHiSH might be used for permanent installations and could        do a better job of building a “Bank” of very chilled sand at a        depth so that warming of that Bank was very slow. Sometimes        surface temperatures in the desert are at freezing. In the        example mentioned in Reference 3 the nighttime temperatures on        the surface can be as low as 22° C. even though the midday        temperatures may be 68° C. By placing a water filled coil on or        near the surface at night and passing that fluid into the depths        of the sand then the sand at depth can be chilled and will        remain as such. Such a device could be used on a small or        massive scale to provide low-cost air conditioning by storing        the chill of the night for cooling the air in a contained space        during the heat of the day. It could even be used to cool the        Saudi “Mirror line”, the proposed 75 mile long two-sided        skyscraper.    -   14. In an open-nose SHiSH, the compressed air source may also be        used to drive the sand up an Archimedes screw or drive the        screw's rotation so that the sand it carried up and out of the        SHiSH. To facilitate sand movements and reduce friction some of        the air or fluid introduced could be from inside the thread of        the Archimedes screw as well as or instead of into the body of        the sand in the screw.

REFERENCES

-   1 Lightburn, Kenneth D. 2023.(also the inventor) “Can a Symbolic    Mega-Unit of Radiative Forcing (RF) Improve Understanding and    Assessment of Global Warming and of Mitigation Methods Using Albedo    Enhancement from Algae. Cloud, and Land (AEfACL)?” Climate 11, no.    3: 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11030062-   2 BBC 2022. The First Commercial Sand-based Thermal Energy Storage    in the World Is in Operation—BBC News Visited Polar Night Energy    Jul. 5, 2022-   3 Laity, J. “Deserts and Desert Environments” (2008) Environmental    Systems and Global Change Series Wiley Blackwell. A John Wiley &    Sons Inc Publication-   4 Wang J and Mitsuma, Y (1992) Evaporation from the Desert: some    preliminary results of HEIFE. Boundary Layer Meteorology: 59.    413-418.-   5 Michael Irving Jul. 27, 2022 “Moon Caves may Offer year round    jeans-and-jacket temperatures. NEW ATLAS    https://newatlas.com/space/moon-caves-temperature-measured-comfortable/?-   6 Matthew W. Logan, Spencer Langevin & Zhiyong Xia Reversible    Atmospheric Water Harvesting Using Metal-Organic Frameworks    Scientific Reports. NatureResearch-   7. James Ssengendo Jul. 26, 2022 “Saudi Arabia Unveils a $1 Trillion    75-Mile Long Desert Skyscraper” GreekReporter.com    http//greekreporter.com/2023/07/17/saudi-arabia-75-mile-long-desert-skyscraper/-   Diagrams are attached as are reference copies where a website is not    the reference.

1. A Snow or Sand Hill in Screwing Habitat or storage space (SHiSH)designed to facilitate insertion into a substrate such as sand and totake advantage of the lower temperatures below the surface in desertenvironments to thus enable better human and storage conditions.Examples are illustrated in Diagrams A, B and C.
 2. A Snow or Sand Hillin Screwing Habitat or storage space (SHiSH) designed to facilitateinsertion into a substrate such as snow or mud to take advantage thecleaner environment then available and of the exclusion of contact withthe dampness of the mud or cold of the snow.
 3. An AIR-SHISH with orwithout thread (Diagrams C, D E and F) which uses compressed air or anyfluid to reduce the resistance to insertion of the habitat or storagedevice into any substrate.
 4. An AIR-SHISH to use air or fluidpenetration only, without an exterior thread and with or without aconical shape. This could be a cylinder with air conveyed to the bottomedge of the cylinder (Diagram E). Then the clearing away of the sandinside the SHiSH will be necessary as it will not be displaced and willremain in the center area. This could be done with a man operated toolor shovel or Archimedes screw, manually operated or machine operated orthe compressed air supply might be used to blow the sand up a tube or upthe Archimedes screw and away from the SHiSH.
 5. A variation of theSHISH and anything associated with it designed with porous sides toallow the cooler air in lower portions of the sand to move into theSHiSH or associated objects.
 6. A construct using tubes through thewalls of the SHiSH to allow better extraction of cool air from theoutside of the SHiSH (Diagram H). The tubes may but not necessarily havemultiple perforations in their sides to allow air intake or be porous ona fine scale or merely have an open end.
 7. Use of multiple SHiSH sothat adequate cool air is gathered and fed to the occupied space.Ideally, they would be at a higher elevation and then the cool air wouldgravity feed to the lower SHiSH.
 8. Provision for air flow from an airpressure source through cavities in the structure of the SHiSH so thatsubstrate is displaced and or friction reduced to thus allow easierpenetration into the substrate by any suitable structure.
 9. SHISHdriven into the sand will tap into cool sand which will cool the air inthe SHISH. Then if enough SHiSH are positioned to provide air for alarger space such as but not limited to a Mega-SHiSH (See Diagram M),then multi-personnel cool spaces can be created.
 10. The Chill Coil ordevice as indicated in two configurations in Diagram M is a devicedesigned to provide a cooling or refrigerating process by cooling itsfluid contents in the desert night as the device radiates heat intospace, which device may be a coil, and cools its contents thus enablingcooling of a Chill Bank area most likely but not necessarily under thesubstrate and probably part of the substrate which can thus directly orindirectly act as a heat sink to cool other spaces either above theground or below the ground such as the SHiSH, and the Chill Bank couldbe a body of sand or substrate preferably but not necessarily isolatedfrom moisture so as to maintain the potential to flow air through it.One configuration but not restricted to such could be a coil containingwater or other substance, made of a material with reasonable heatradiation properties that radiated heat on the surface which is givenoff by the Chill Bank thus making the Chill Bank suitable as a heatsink, for use in cooling human animal or storage spaces at any time. 11.Use of this Chill Coil concept in any substrates and more temperateclimates so as to deal with high temperatures or heat waves on a carbonfree basis as no fossil fuel is burned to produce this air conditioningand even wind power and solar power units have not necessarily been usedalthough their employ could further boost the Chill Bank capacity. Soeven the use of wind and solar energy to further boost the capacity ofthe Chill Bank is claimed as it would be further beneficial incomparison to fossil fuel energy driven air conditioners.
 12. The ChillBank portion of the Chill Coil could simply be the space in thesubstrate occupied by the lower portion of Chill Coil (Diagram M) as therate of heat leakage into this area may be slow due to the insulatingproperties of the sand or substrate or it may be separated from the mainbody of substrate by a thin plastic to slow any air movement throughinto the Chill Bank but significant insulation of all boundaries of theChill Bank volume would improve the efficiency of the Chill Bank. 13.The Chill Bank portion with insulating walls around it constructed inany way and including construction walls similar to the Air-SHiSH wallsproposed in claim 3, 4 or 17 and perhaps but not necessarily flat.
 14. Asimple configuration of the Chill coil to involve incorporation of thelower portion of the coil into the structure of the SHiSH in any formincluding but not limited to wrapping around it in the substrate,passing through the hollow thread on the exterior of the SHiSH, directlyinto the inside of the SHiSH.
 15. The MEGA CHILL COIL is an expansion ofthe Chill Coil in claim 10 and would use larger quantities includingvast volumes measured in cubic kilometers of sand under the desert toprovide vast Chill Banks to use as heat sinks to cool large buildings inthe desert for people or goods or processes. The volume of the ChillBanks may or may not be enclosed and or insulated to better improve itstemperature or moisture separation from other portions of the substrate.In sufficient numbers and scope these could even be made adequate forair conditioning the million possible occupants of the mirror walledlinear construct of a 75 mile long skyscraper envisaged for SaudiArabia. (Ref 7).
 16. A diverse MEGA CHILL COIL like that in claim 13would use other substrates and even water bodies or wet substrate toprovide a heat sink for use in buildings in deserts or other areas. 17.The walls of the Chill Banks that provide insulation could bemanufactured with air or fluid injection tubes so that they penetratethe sand in the same way as earlier indicated for simple Air-SHiSHunits.
 18. Use of any form of the ShiSH to form the boundaries of theCHILL BANK or any other insulating structure above or below ground. 19.As the land warms with global warming the application of the Chill Bankto air conditioning would expand in using other substrates especially inmore temperate climates to deal with high temperatures on a carbon freebasis as no fossil fuel is burned to produce this air conditioning. Useof wind and solar energy could further boost the capacity of the ChillBank and would be a beneficial boosting method in comparison to fossilfuel energy driven air conditioners.
 20. The Chill Coil used for a lowoperating cost air conditioner wherever the surface temperature at nightcan be used to radiate heat from the Chill Bank underground in whateversubstrate and the Chill Bank can use the built-up capacity of the heatsink to cool any target space.
 21. The Chill Coil to provide airconditioning where in addition to nighttime radiation a sufficient watersource exists and by using evaporation of water over the surface coil ora separate special coil, cools the coil fluid which can go from there tothe Chill Bank to increase its heat sink capacity.
 22. The surfacesection of the Chill Coil (Diagram M) could be handled or sometimesisolated so that the water in it does not heat during the day or atnight when the soil is still hot and any or all of the following methodsmight be used (a) to pull in the surface coil and relocate it to thebottom of the SHiSH or cooled space (b) to temporarily remove the waterfrom the surface portion of the coil into a storage tank (c) to coverthe surface portion when temperatures are higher than desired.
 23. Adevice to keep the sand around the SHISH cooler consisting of a highlyreflective, but not limited to mirror like material reflective or lightcolored, perhaps white cover material placed over the area surroundingthat area under which or adjacent to where the SHISH and/or Chill Bankresided would reflect the short-wave sunrays, would thus stop the sandwhich surrounds the SHISH from heating as would otherwise occur duringthe day. This cover could have a reflective surface on the underneath(where is effect would be limited but still useful) for use by the armyor on the upper surface if used for purposes not requiring disguise. 24.The SHiSH as a storage device: In all three substrates, sand, snow orpliable soil, the SHiSH would serve as a storage volume to keep suppliessuch a food or water or fuel out of the heat or sand or snow or mud. Forstorage, units with porosity may not be desirable. The lack of humanbodies sharing the space will enable it to remain cool.
 25. AnArchimedes screw suitable for lifting the sand up and out of the opennose SHiSH, air driven, or air assisted with injection of the air intothe screw in such a way as to move the sand up the curves of the Screw.26. A Mega-SHISH (Diagram J): A design allowing a large cylindrical orother shape, multifaceted multi person or multipurpose “Mega-SHiSH”would consist of many panels transported separately and interlocked forinsertion or inserted individually with the subsequent panelsinterlocked sequentially and compressed air used to clear out theinterlocking mechanism, so that they were eventually inserted into thesubstrate by the same amount. Sandbags could provide steps. Effectivelythe Mega-SHiSH would become an underground tent with weather resistanceand potential to cool it using some, or all, of the accessories. Due totheir shape the panels would be stackable to transport. When the resultdesired consisted of a fully closed unit (this is not always necessary)then an adaptable sized panel is needed for the final possibly highlyvariable closing. Two panels sliding over one another but interlocked atthe base to thus exclude separation during insertion. The sideinterlocking mechanisms could be linked to the other panels on bothsides. Small versions of this design as in Diagrams K1, K2 and N, wouldbe suitable for single occupants. This Mega-SHiSH could be of anyconfiguration to form a useful space. An important aspect of oneconfiguration of this claim is the air assisted insertion of panels intothe substrate which panels are interlocked to provide a restrainingforce on the sand or substrate.
 27. A device designed for habitat orstorage creation below the normal surface of the suitable substrate toescape temperature extremes and storms and/or provide a measure ofsafety.
 28. Instrumentation on or near the SHiSH to measure temperaturehumidity in and on the substrate or in the SHiSH will assist indetermining the need to utilize accessories if they are available. Forexample, the Chill Coil could be deployed if necessary and if surfacetemperatures warranted it.
 29. A dehumidifying device which is also aWater collection device (StillMOF) for use in hot humid situations asmay occur in a SHISH in the desert or any confined space with highhumidity and heat. Such MOF, Metal-Organic Frameworks (Reb 6) are beingdeveloped at a rapid rate and they capture a large amount of water for asmall amount of MOF These give up their water at higher temperatures andcollect at lower temperatures. A device designed to suit the desertenvironment could collect water in the SHiSH from bodily evaporation andinput from the surrounding substrate and release it when exposed to thehigher daytime temperatures to provide water for sustenance by theoccupant. By separating the moisture collection so that sweating withits evaporative cooling can occur and then capturing the moisturenearby, the person's skin will be in a lower humidity area and feel evencooler.
 30. The supplying of any type of above ground constructions ofany magnitude or type from underground SHISH cooler areas or devicesthat thereby improve the environment of that construct.
 31. The set up aseries of COOL REST STOPS with already established SHiSH devicesunderground which can be accessed and the cool air or any water there-inused.
 32. Outer Space applications: Although moon caves or lava tubes,in some areas, offer respite from the widely fluctuating temperatures onthe moon (Ref 5), the SHISH could provide a device for escapeunderground from temperature fluctuations in areas on the moon or onother planets that did not offer the caves or lava tubes and yet hadsufficient dust or similar low shear substrate. Application might alsobe found on Mars and other planets. They would probably have to bemanufactured (printed) on site from local materials to make themeconomical but if suitable substrate existed, would be quicker to useand cheaper than boring into rock.
 33. Use of nighttime radiation ofheat at the surface to cool a material, possibly water but notnecessarily so, which, when transferred in any manner to an undergroundvolume of substrate whether isolated and insulated or partly or merelynaturally insulated by other substrate or an above ground insulatedvolume creates a Heat Sink which can be used to cool other inhabitableor storage spaces.
 34. Further, use of a Heat Pump to transfer heat fromthe target space to a Chill Bank.
 35. Furthermore, a Heat Pump could beused to boost the capacity of the Chill Bank with the aid of itscompressor.
 36. A House or Building, with a Chill Coil and Chill Bank,which has preferably, but not necessarily, installed prior to theconstruction of the house or building under the surface or above, usedto pass cooled fluid into an area of the house or building to act as anair conditioner through various means, the Chill Bank having had itsheat sink capacity boosted by radiation of heat into space at night orany other means.
 37. A Chill Bank for working or living quarters such asa house or building, which has preferably but not necessarily installedprior to the construction of the house under the surface or above, whichcan act as a heat sink with its capacity enhanced by any means, notnecessarily the surface Chill Coil, so that the availability of energyfor cooling can be selected to optimize benefits and costs such as butnot limited to using wind power when available.
 38. Extension of theSHiSH underground from inside the SHiSH by use of a suitable material tosupport the sand above whether through lining a cavity with theappropriate compounds or by inserting another SHiSH or structure or evena pipe through the wall. An example would be a pipe large enough toallow a SHiSH and a pipe to provide space to lie horizontally on thebottom of the SHiSH or for many people to do the same or for otheractivities out to the sides of the SHiSH or to use that space forstorage. (Diagram N)
 39. Special SHiSH designs for delivery by air suchas drones or helicopters suitable for self-insertion following the dropinto the soft or low shear substrate.
 40. SHiSH of various sizes, shapeand function interconnected underground with pipes or other shapes ofvarious profiles and sizes as in Diagram N to provide access to storageareas or other personnel SHiSH to provide a better supply of cool airand functioning of the group.
 41. For air delivery by plane, helicopteror drone a specialized SHiSH perhaps with but not necessarily with aweighted nose so that when dropped they stick into the substrate and adevice may but not necessarily attached which will grip on the substrateoutside and away from the Shish and screw in the Shish such that it isready for later occupation and storage ahead of the troops or personnelarrival.
 42. As in claim 40 but also with a ‘spear’ or threaded spear onthe front of the cone to ensure it remains upright after landing and tochange some of the kinetic energy of the fall into torque to begin toscrew in the SHiSH.
 43. Construction of any SHiSH or undergroundstructure in low shear substrates using fluidization of that substratethrough the injection of air or any fluid via or near the structure. 44.Use of a compressed air or gas source to drive the substrate material upthe curves of an Archimedes screw or similar device to aid or supplementthe need to rotate the screw or uplifting device by, but not necessarilyso, use of passageways built into the structure of the substrate movingdevice.
 45. A specialized SHiSH set up to act as a septic system with,if possible, but not necessarily, capture of moisture such that it isnot contaminated or can be decontaminated for use in some form, perhapsin the chiller coil or for other functions.
 46. To maintain a standarddesign with perhaps a perforated ShiSH, the water storage SHiSH couldconsist of an added bladder to hold the water in the cool of the sand.Otherwise a SHISH without porosity or holes would hold water or otherliquids such as fuel but a bladder adds protection against accidentaldamage and leakage of the ShiSH without a bladder.
 47. On or near SaltFlats, Salt dome houses are possible above the ground with theinsulation of salt walls and application of the Chill Coil and or ChillBank described above could be used to cool the Salt dome interior or anyother local above ground structure.
 48. Interconnections of variousappropriate ShiSH underground so as to increase the supply of cool airin the desert or warmed air in very cold areas.
 49. Use of any of theabove claims appropriately modified to facilitate the availability ofwarmer air where needed in very cold regions.